Active and Passive Voice in Hindi
Active and Passive Voice in Hindi
मुख्यतः जब किसी वाक्य में कर्ता ( Subject ) की अपेक्षा Object को ज्यादा महत्व दिया जाता है तब वहाँ पर Passive Voice का प्रयोग किया जाता है, इसीलिए इसे कर्मवाच्य Passive Voice कहते हैं। यह एक महत्वपूर्ण अध्याय है, आइये इस अध्याय को अच्छे से विस्तारपूर्वक उदहारण सहित समझें।
A. Passive Voice Of Tense Sentences
Note
Passive Voice को वाक्य में प्रयोग करते समय "हमेशा" क्रिया ( Verb ) का "3rd" Form" प्रयोग करते हैं।
Passive Voice के वाक्यों में सामान्यतः कर्ता ( Subject ) नहीं होता है, अगर कर्ता होगा तो भी काम को कर्ता "By के द्वारा" वाक्य में प्रयोग करते हैं।
Passive Voice के वाक्यों में सामान्यतः कर्म प्रधानता की बात होती है, अर्थात कारक ( Object ) के द्वारा जोर दिया
केवल Transitive Verbs के ही Voice को Change मतलब Active से Passive के Sentences बनाये जा सकते हैं।
Passive Voice को वाक्य में प्रयोग करते समय सहायक क्रियाओं ( Helping verbs ) को नीचे सारणी में दिया गया है।
Tense | Passive Voice Helping Verbs | Structure of Passive Voice Sentences |
Present Simple Tense | am / is / are | object + am/is/are + verb ( 3rd ) |
Simple Past Tense | was / were | object + was/were + verb ( 3rd ) |
Simple Future Tense | will be | object + will be + verb ( 3rd ) |
Present Continuous Tense | am / is / are + being | object + am/is/are being + verb ( 3rd ) |
Past Continuous Tense | was / were + being | object + was/were being + verb ( 3rd ) |
Present Perfect Tense | have / has + been | object + have/has been + verb ( 3rd ) |
Past Perfect Tense | had been | object + had been + verb ( 3rd ) |
Future Perfect Tense | will have been | object + will have been + verb ( 3rd ) |
Passive Voice में चार 4 Tense के वाक्य नहीं बनाये जाते हैं।
1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
4. Future Continuous Tense.
आइये उदाहरण के द्वारा समझें
1. मुझे एक सेब दिया गया। ( Simple Past Tense )
1. I was given an apple.
2. मुझे पिंकी के द्वारा एक सेब दिया गया। ( By Subject )
2. I was given an apple by pinky.
3. मुझे घर भेजा गया था। ( Past Perfect Tense )
3. I had been sent home.
4. मुझे टीना के द्वारा घर भेजा गया था । ( By Subject )
4. I had been sent home by Tina.
5. मुझे स्कूल भेजते हैं। ( Present Simple Tense )
5. I am sent to school.
6. मुझे श्रेया के द्वारा घर भेजा जा रहा है। ( By Subject )
6. I am being sent home by shreya.
7. मुझे घर भेजा जा रहा है। ( Present Continuous Tense )
7. I am being sent home.
8. मुझे एक पेन दिया गया है। ( Present Perfect Tense )
8. I have been given a pen.
9. मुझे सोनम के द्वारा एक सेब दिया गया है। ( By Suject )
9. I have been given an apple by sonam.
10. मुझे बुलाया जायेगा। ( Simple Future Tense )
10. I will be called.
11. मुझे माँ के द्वारा बुलाया जायेगा। ( By Subject )
11. I will be called by mom.
12. मुझे बुलाया गया होगा। ( Future Perfect Tense )
12. I will have been called.
13. मुझे सोनाली के द्वारा बुलाया गया होगा। ( By subject )
13. I will have been called by sonali.
14. यहां अंग्रेजी सिखाई जाती है। ( Present Simple Tense )
14. English is taught here.
15. यहां मेरे द्वारा अंग्रेजी सिखाई जाती है। ( By subject )
15. English is taught here by me.
Note
Modals जैसे Can, Could, Should, May, Must, Have to, Has to, Used to, Would like to etc. के Passive Voice वाले वाक्यों में "Be" का प्रयोग करते हैं।
लेकिन कुछ Modals में जैसे Could have, Should have, May have, Must have etc. के साथ "Been" का प्रयोग करते हैं।
Modals वाले Passive Sentences को वाक्य में प्रयोग करते समय "हमेशा" क्रिया ( Verb ) का "3rd" Form" प्रयोग करते हैं।
आइये उदाहरण के द्वारा समझें
1. राजू को भेजा जा सकता है। ( Can )
1. Raju can be sent to.
2. संजू को बुलाया जा सका। ( Could )
2. Sanju could be called.
3. संजू को राजू के द्वारा बुलाया जा सकता था। ( Could heve been + By subject )
3. Sanju could have been called by raju.
4. रोहित को एक सेब देना चाहिए। ( Should )
4. Rohit should be give an apple.
5. तुम्हे स्कूल भेजा जाना चाहिए था। ( Should have been )
5. You should have been sent to school.
6. तुम्हे माँ के द्वारा स्कूल भेजा जाना चाहिए था। ( Should have been + Subject )
6. You should have been sent to school by mother.
7. संगीता को पैसे दिए जाना है। ( Has to )
7. Sangeeta has to be paid money.
8. सुहाना को माँ के द्वारा पैसे दिए जाना है। ( Has to + Subject )
8. Suhana has to be paid money by mom.
9. पिंकी को खेलाया जाता था। ( Used to )
9. Pinky used to be played.
10. क्या पिंकी को खेलाया जाता था ? ( Used to with Interrogative )
10. Did pinky use to be played ?
C. Passive Voice Of Let Sentences
Note
चूँकि Let एक Verb है तो इसे भी Tense के Sentences की तरह ही बनाये जाते हैं।
Let को वाक्य में प्रयोग करते समय "हमेशा" क्रिया ( Verb ) का "3rd" Form" प्रयोग करते हैं।
Let के तीनो फॉर्म [ 1st Let, 2nd Let, 3rd Let ) ही होते हैं।
Let को वाक्य में प्रयोग करते समय हमेशा Let को मुख्य क्रिया ( Main Verb ) की तरह प्रयोग करते हैं।
आइये उदाहरण के द्वारा समझें
1. मुझे जाने दिया गया। ( Simple Past Tense )
1. I was let go.
2. मुझे माँ के द्वारा स्कूल जाने दिया गया। ( Simple Past Tense by mom )
2. I was let go to school by mom.
3. राजू को खेलने दिया जा रहा है। ( Present Continuous Tense )
3. Raju is being let play.
rules of active and passive voice in hindi: पैसिव क्या है
जब सबजेक्ट (कर्ता) की जगह ऑब्जेक्ट (कर्म) को ज्यादा महत्व दिया जाता है तो वह पैसिव वाक्य होते है। इसमे ऑब्जेक्ट को ही केंद्रित किया जाता है। जबकि सब्जेक्ट को नही भी दिखाया जाये तो पैसिव वाक्यो पर ज्यादा प्रभाव नही पड़ता है। जैसे - एक पत्र लिखा जाता है उसके द्धारा।
Note:-
- ऑब्जेक्ट को सब्जेक्ट की जगह लिखा जाता है क्योकि पैसिव मे ऑब्जेक्ट को महत्व दिया जाता है।
- क्रिया के साथ be, being और been का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- main verb की 3rd form का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- तथा सब्जेक्ट को by के द्धारा प्रयोग मे लिया जाता है।
Rules :-
( object + h.v, tense के अनुसार + be / being / been, h.v के अनुसार + m.v 3rd form + by + subject)
(present Indefinite tense)
(active) - राम पत्र लिखता है। ( sub +do / does + ob )
Ram writes latter.
(Passive) - राम द्धारा पत्र लिखा जाता है। ( Ob + is / am / are + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
Latter is written by ram.
(active) - वे क्रिकेट खेलते है। ( sub +do / does + ob )
They play cricket.
(Passive) - उनके द्धारा क्रिकेट खेला जाता है। ( Ob + is / am / are + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
Cricket is played by them.
(present continuous tense)
(active) - मम्मी खाना बना रही है। ( sub + is / am / are + m.v 1st form + ing + ob )
Mother prepares food.
(Passive) - मम्मी द्धारा खाना बनाया जाता है। ( ob + is / am / are + being + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
Food is being prepared by mother.
(active) - प्रिया गाना गा रही है। ( sub + is / am / are + m.v 1st form + ing + ob )
priya is singing song.
(Passive) - प्रिया द्धारा गाना गाया जा रहा है। ( ob + is / am / are + being + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
song is being sung by priya.
(present perfect tense)
(active) - राम खाना खा चूका है। ( sub + has / have + m.v 3rd form + ob )
Ram has taken food.
(Passive) - राम द्धारा खाना खाया जा चूका है। ( ob + has / have + been + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
Food has been taken by ram.
(active) - तुम शादी कर चुके हो। ( sub + has / have + m.v 3rd form + ob )
You have got married.
(Passive) - तुम्हारे द्धारा शादी की जा चुकी है। ( ob + has / have + been + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
Married has been by you.
(past indefinite tense)
(active) - कल वह एक नई कार खरीदा। ( sub + m.v 2dn form + ob )
He bought a new car yesterday.
(Passive) - उसके द्धारा एक नई कार खरीदी गई। ( ob + was / were + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
A new car was bought by him.
(active) - राम ने मुझे डाँटा। ( sub + m.v 2dn form + ob )
Ram scolded me.
(Passive) राम द्धारा मुझे डाँटा गया ( ob + was / were + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
I was scolded by ram.
(past continuous tense)
(active) - कल लोग क्रिकेट खेल रहे थे। ( sub + was / were + m.v 1st form + ing + ob )
People was playing cricket yesterday.
(Passive) - क्रिकेट लोगो के द्धारा खेला जा रहा था।(ob + was / were + being + m.v 3rd form + by + sub)
Cricket was being played by people.
(active) - तुम चाय पि रहे थे। ( sub + was / were + m.v 1st form + ing + ob )
You were having tea.
(Passive) - तुम्हारे द्धारा चाय पि जा रही थी। ( ob + was / were + being + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
Tea was being had by You.
(past perfect tense)
(active) - तुम खाना खा चुके थे। ( sub + had + m.v 3rd form + ob )
You had taken food;
(Passive)- तुम्हारे द्धारा खाना खाया जा चूका था। ( ob + had + been + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
Food had been taken by you.
(active) - वे फिल्म देख चुके थे। ( sub + had + m.v 3rd form + ob )
They had watched the movie.
(Passive) - उनके द्धारा फिल्म देखी गई थी। ( ob + had + been + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
The movie had been watched by them.
(future indefinite tense)
(active) - कम्पनी कल तुम्हे नोटिस देगी। ( sub + will + m.v 1st form + ob )
The company will give you notice.
(Passive) - कम्पनी द्धारा कल तुम्हे नोटिस दिया जायेगा। ( ob + will + be + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
you will be given notice by company.
(active) - कल वे फिल्म देखेंगे। ( sub + will + m.v 1st form + ob )
They will watch the movie tomorrow.
(Passive) - कल उनके द्धारा फिल्म देखी जाएगी। ( ob + will + be + m.v 3rd form + by + sub )
The movie will be watched by them.
( future perfect tense )
(active) - कंपनी कल तुम्हे नोटिस दे चुकी होंगी। ( sub + will + have + m.v 3st form + ob )
The company will have noticed you tomorrow.
(Passive) - कंपनी द्धारा कल तुम्हे नोटिस दिया जा चूका होगा।(ob + will + have + been + m.v 3rd form)
you will have been noticed by company tomorrow.
(active) - कल वे फिल्म देख चुके होंगे। ( sub + will + have + m.v 3st form + ob )
They will have watched the movie tomorrow.
(Passive) - कल उनके द्धारा फिल्म देखी जा चुकी होगी। ( ob + will + have + been + m.v 3rd for
The movie will have been watched by them tomorrow.
Active Voice के sentence को Passive Voice के Sentence में और Passive Voice के sentence को Active Voice के sentence में बदलकर भी Transformation किया जाता है। Active Voice में कर्ता स्वयं कार्य करता है। Passive Voice में यह प्रकट किया जाता है कि वह कार्य किसके द्वारा किया गया है ।
Active - Mohan writes a letter.
Passive - A letter is written by Mohan.
उपर्युक्त प्रथम वाक्य में Mohan वाक्य का Subject है तथा Mohan ही write क्रिया का करने वाला है। दूसरे वाक्य में letter शब्द कर्ता के स्थान पर है, वह क्रिया का करने वाला नहीं है, उसके साथ कुछ क्रिया की गई है अर्थात Active Voice में कार्य करने वाले (कर्ता) को प्रधानता दी जाती है तथा Passive Voice में कर्म को ।
ACTIVE से PASSIVE बनाना :-
Assertive Sentences के Voice में परिवर्तन
Rule 1. Active से Passive बनाते समय Object को Subject और Subject को Object स्थान पर ले आते है तथा Object के पहले प्राय: by लगा देते है। जैसे -
Active - The policeman has caught the thief.
Passive - The thief has been caught by the policeman.
हम देखते है कि पहले वाक्य में policeman, Subject है और thief, Object है लेकिन दूसरे वाक्य में thief को Subject बना दिया तथा policeman को by Preposition का Object बना दिया है।
Rule 2. दिये हुए Verb का Past Participle (तीसरा रूप) उसके पहले उसी Tense का Verb 'to be' (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) का रूप लगा दिया जाता है, जैसा कि निम्न तालिका में दिया गया है -
नियमों को भली-भाँति समझने के लिए अन्य उदाहरण देखिये -
1. Active - Hari teaches Mohan.
Passive - Mohan is taught by Hari.
2. Active - They believe me.
Passive - I am believed by them.
3. Active - He is praising me.
Passive - I am being praised by him.
4. Active - A snake has bitten the child.
Passive - The child has been bitten by a snake.
5. Active - The cat killed the mouse.
Passive - The mouse was killed by the cat.
6. Active - She gave me a book.
Passive - I was given a book by her. Or
A book was given me by her. Or
A book was given to me by her.
7. Active - The carpenter was making a table.
Passive - A table was being made by the carpenter.
8. Active - Ramesh had written a letter.
Passive - A letter had been written by Ramesh.
9. Active - He will help you.
Passive - You will be helped by him.
10. Active - They will have finished the work.
Passive - The work will have been finished by them.
Note 1. Present Perfect Continuous, Past Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous तथा Future Continuous का Passive Voice नहीं बनता है।
Note 2. केवल Transitive Verbs का ही Passive Voice बन सकता है, Intransitive Verbs का नहीं। Intransitive Verbs का Object न होने से Passive Voice नहीं बनता है।
Note 3. कुछ Verbs के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'by' Preposition के स्थान पर अन्य Prepositions का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
a. Surprised, astonished, disappointed, distressed, displeased तथा alarmed के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'at' का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
1. Active - Your intelligence surprised me.
Passive - I was surprised at your intelligence.
2. Active - His success astonished us.
Passive - We were astonished at his success.
3. Active - His failure disappointed me.
Passive - I was disappointed at his failure.
4. Active - His defeat distressed me.
Passive - I was distressed at his defeat.
5. Active - His rude behaviour displeased the teachers.
Passive - The teachers were displeased at his rude behaviour.
6. Active - This news alarmed his father.
Passive - His father was alarmed at this news.
b. Known तथा obliged के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'to' आता है। जैसे -
1. Active - Everybody knows Gandhiji.
Passive - Gandhiji is known to everybody.
2. Active - He will oblige me.
Passive - I shall be obliged to him.
c. Pleased, Satisfied, disgusted, charmed, thronged, lined आदि के पश्चात Passive Voice में 'with' का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे -
1. Active - My behaviour pleased him.
Passive - He was pleased with my behaviour.
2. Active - Your work, satisfies the officers.
Passive - The officers are satisfied with your work.
3. ACtive - Her failure disgusted her parents.
Passive - Her parents were disgusted with her failure.
4. ACtive - Her sweet song charmed the listeners.
Passive - The listeners were charmed with her sweet song.
5. Active - The students thronged the college hall.
Passive - The college hall was thronged with the students.
6. Active - The passengers lined the booking window.
Passive - The booking window was lined with the passengers.
d. Contained तथा Interested के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'in' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे -
1. Active - This box contains many beautiful things.
Passive - Many beautiful things are contained in this box.
2. Active - This case interest the lawyers.
Passive - The lawyers are interested in this case.
3. Active - This book interest me.
Passive - I am interested in this book.
Note 4. कुछ Intransitive Verbs के साथ Prepositions का प्रयोग होता है। Preposition के साथ मिलकर ये क्रियाएँ (Verbs) Transitive Verbs का कार्य करती है। Passive Voice में Prepositions क्रिया के साथ रहता है। जैसे -
1. Active - The girls laughed at me.
Passive - I was laughed at by the girls.
2. Active - He looks after my children.
Passive - My children are looked after by him.
Note 5. जिन Verbs के दो Objects (कर्म) होते है Passive Voice में बदलते समय उनमें से कोई एक Subject हो जाता है तथा दूसरा अपने ही स्थान पर Object बना रहता है। जैसे -
1. Active - He gave me a rupee.
Passive - I was given a rupee by him. Or
A rupee was given me by him. Or
A rupee was given to me by him.
2. Active - I taught him English.
Passive - He was taught English by me. Or
Englsih was taught him by me.
Note 6. कभी-कभी Passive Voice में कार्य करने वाले doer का प्रयोग नहीं होता, क्योंकि वह महत्वपूर्ण नहीं होता। जैसे -
1. Active - Someone has stolen my pen.
Passive - My pen has been stolen.
2. Active - People speak English all over the world.
Passive - English is spoken all over the world.
Interrogative Sentences के Voice में परिवर्तन
Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक) Sentence का Passive Voice भी प्रश्नवाचक में बनता है। प्रश्नवाचक प्रश्न का पहले साधारण वाक्य बनाओ। उसके बाद उस वाक्य को Voice के नियमानुसार Passive में बदलो। उसके बाद उस वाक्य को प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में बदलो। जैसे -
Did he kill a lion ? (Active Interrogative)
He killed a lion. (Active Assertive)
A lion was killed by him. (Passive Assertive)
Was a lion killed by him ? (Passive Interrogative)
इस प्रकार Did he kill a lion? का Passive Voice हुआ Was a lion killed by him ?
जिन प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में do/does/did का प्रयोग होता है, उनमें do/does/did के स्थान पर, Object के Number और क्रिया के Tense के अनुसार am/is/are/was/were आदि का प्रयोग करते हैं, जैसे उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में किया गया है।
1. Active - When does he help me /
Passive - When am I helped by him ?
2. Active - DO you help your friends ?
Passive - Are your friends helped by you ?
बहुत से प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में do/does/did का प्रयोग नहीं होता क्योंकि उनमें दूसरे Auxiliary Verbs आते हैं, जैसे -
1. Active - Will she write a book ?
Passive - Will a book be written by her ?
2. Active - Are they not helping me ?
Passive - Am I not being helped by them ?
3. Active - When will she write a book ?
Passive - When will a book be written by her ?
4. Active - Is the hunter killing a bird ?
Passive - Is a bird being killed by the hunter ?
5. Active - May I see it ?
Passive - May it be seen by me ?
जो प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Who से प्रारम्भ होते है उनका Passive Voice का वाक्य By whom से पारम्भ होता है। अन्य परिवर्तन वर्णित नियमों के अनुसार होते है ।
1. Active - Who has written this book ?
Passive - By whom has this book been written ?
2. Active - Who stole the pen ?
Passive - By whom was the pen stolen ?
Imperative Sentences के Voice में परिवर्तन
Rule 1. Imperative Sentences को Passive में बदलने के लिए वाक्य में अपनी ओर से Let का प्रयोग करे तथा उसे वाक्य के प्रारम्भ में रखे। उसके बाद Object (कर्म) का प्रयोग करे। इसके पश्चात be + Past Participle अर्थात क्रिया के third form का प्रयोग करे।
क्रम - ( Let + Object + be + third form of the Verb)
जैसे - Write a letter, का Passive Voice Let a letter be written. हो जाता है।
1. Active - Post this letter.
Passive - Let this letter be posted.
2. Active - Tell him to wait.
Passive - Let him be told to wait.
3. Active - Open the door.
Passive - Let the door be opened.
नोट - आज्ञासूचक वाक्यो का Passive Voice में परिवर्तन निम्न क्रम में किया जा सकता है :
(Object + should + be + third form of Verb)
The door should be opened.
Rule 2. जब Imperative Sentence Negative हो तो सहायक क्रिया 'Do' को हटा दिया जाता है जैसे -
1. Active - Do not kill the bird.
Passive - Let he bird not be killed.
2. Active - Do not abuse Ram.
Passive - Let Ram not be abused.
Rule 3. अगर प्रार्थनासूचक (Imperative) वाक्यों में Please आये तो Passive Voice बनाते समय 'You are requested to' का प्रयोग होता है। यदि वाक्य से सलाह या सुझाव का बोध हो तो Passive Voice में 'You are advised to' का प्रयोग करते है। जैसे
1. Active - Please go to school.
Passive - You are requested to go to school.
2. Active - Please give him a book.
Passive - You are requested to give him a book.
3. Active - Obey the rules of the road.
Passive - You are advised to obey the rules of the road.
कुछ Special प्रकार के वाक्यों के Voice में परिवर्तन
Rule 1. यदि Active Voice के वाक्यों में Verb का Object एक शब्द या Phrase न होकर एक Clause होता है तो Passive Voice में Verb के लिए It का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
Active - They say that the king is coming.
Passive - It is said that the king is coming.
Rule 2. कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट Active Voice में (is/am/are/was/were + to + Verb क्रम में होती है। ऐसे वाक्यों के Passive Voice में am/is/are/was/were के बाद to be आता है तथा उस Verb का Past Participle (तीसरा रूप) आता है। जैसे -
1. Active - He is to help me.
Passive - I am to be helped by him.
2. Active - I was to help him.
Passive - He was to be helped by me.
Rule 3. जिन वाक्यों की Active Voice में बनावट has/have/had + to + Verb के क्रम में होती है उनका Passive निम्न प्रकार होता है।
Active - We have to help him.
Passive - He has to be helped by us.
Rule 4. जिन वाक्यों की Active Voice में बनावट can/could/may/might/will/shall/must/should/would + Verb के क्रम में होती है उनका Passive निम्न प्रकार होता है -
1. Active - He should help her.
Passive - She should be helped by him.
2. Active - I can help him.
Passive - He can be helped by me.
PASSIVE से ACTIVE बनाना :-
Passive से Active बनाकर भी Transformation किया जाता है। Active से Passive बनाने के नियमों को उलटे प्रयोग कर देने से Passive से Active बनाया जा सकता है। जैसे -
1. Passive - He is loved by me.
Active - I love him.
2. Passive - A book was bought by him.
Active - He bought a book.
3. Passive - I shall be helped by her.
Active - She will help me.
4. Passive Mangoes are being eaten by them.
Active - They are eating mangoes.
5. Passive - Milk was being drunk by us.
Active - We were drinking milk.
6. Passive - The book has been read by me.
Active - I have read the book.
7. Passive - The apple had been eaten by her.
Active - She had eaten the apple.
8. Passive - A bird will have been killed by him.
Active - He will have killed a bird.
9. Passive - Is it liked by them ?
Active - Do they like it ?
10. Passive - Why was the cow sold by him?
Active - Why did he sell the cow ?
11. Passive - Let his scooter be sold off.
Active - Sell off this scooter.
12. Passive - Let him be told to wait.
Active - Tell him to wait.
13. Passive - You are requested to help me.
Active - Please help me.
14. Passive - The captain must be obeyed by them.
Active - They must obey the captain.
