Synthesis of
Sentences / Simple
Sentences
In Synthesis, the combination of two or
more than two Simple Sentences forms a new Simple, Complex or Compound
Sentence.
Synthesis में दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक नया Simple, Complex या Compound Sentence बनाया जाता है ।
Synthesis निम्नलिखित प्रकार की होती है : (Types of Synthesis)
A) Combination of Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence. (कई प्रकार के वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक साधारण वाक्य बनाना)
B) Combination of
Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence. (कई प्रकार
के वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक मिश्रित वाक्य बनाना)
C) Combination of
Simple Sentences into one Compound Sentence. (कई प्रकार
के वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक संयुक्त वाक्य बनाना)
To form a Simple
Sentence by combining two or more than two Simple Sentences.
दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक Simple
Sentence बनाना ।
Rule 1. Participle का प्रयोग करके : (By using Participle)
ऐसे Verbs जो Verb तथा Adjective
दोनों का काम करे Participle कहलाते हैं ।
a)
Participle
से Simple Sentence तब बनाया जाता है जब विभिन्न Simple वाक्यों
का Subject एक ही होता है लेकिन Finite Verbs अलग होते है ।
b)
यदि अलग-अलग
वाक्यों में अलग-अलग Subject
आये तो यह नियम लागू नहीं होता ।
c) जो काम पहले हुआ है उसको दिखाने वाले Finite Verb को Participle
में बदल देते है तथा जो काम अन्त में हो उसे Finite रहने देते है ।
Participle तीन प्रकार के होते हैं । There are three types of Participles.
i) Present
Participle : यह Verb
के अन्त में ing लगाने से
बनता है । हिंदी में इसका अर्थ 'हुए'
या 'करके' होता है
। इसमें दो काम साथ-साथ चलते हैं और ज्यादातर दूसरा काम पहले काम
का फल होता है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - She was tired of walking. She lay down
to take rest.
Combined - Being tired of walking, she lay down to
take rest.
b) Separate - She saw a snake. She ran away with fear.
Combined - Seeing a snake, she ran away with fear.
c) Separate - He reached home. He took off his
clothes.
Combined - Reaching home, he took off his clothes.
अगर Present Participle का सम्बन्ध वाक्य के Object से हो तो
उसे Object के बाद रखते हैं ।
Separate - I saw Sam. He was abusing his
neighbour.
Combined - I saw Sam abusing his neighbour.
ii) Past Participle : यह verb की third
form होती है और इसका प्रयोग Adjective के रूप में होता है ।
Example :
Separate - I found my Shirt. It was lost.
Combined - I found my lost Shirt.
iii) Perfect Participle : इसमें Having के साथ Verb
की Third Form का प्रयोग करते है । जो Verb काम का समाप्त होना दिखाती है उसकी Perfect Participle बनाते है ।
Separate - She had completed her task. She went to the Shopping
mall.
Combined - Having completed her task, she went to the Shopping mall.
यदि वाक्य Passive Voice में है तो उसे Passive
Form में ही बदलकर Participle बनाते है ।
Separate - She was awarded by her teacher. She felt happy.
Combined - Having been awarded by her teacher, she felt happy.
Rule 2. Infinitive का प्रयोग करके (By using Infinitive)
Verb में to जोड़कर Infinitive बनाते हैं । उद्देश्य या फल दिखाने वाली Finite Verb को Infinitive
में बदलते है ।
a) Separate - Rohit ran fast. He wanted to get first prize.
Combined - Rohit ran fast to get first prize.
b) Separate - Raj went to Delhi. He went there to see
his sister.
Combined - Raj went to Delhi to see his sister.
c) Separate - He wanted to educate his son. He sent
him to America.
Combined - He sent his son to America to educate.
d) Separate - I have some duties. I must perform
them.
Combined - I have some duties to perform.
e) Separate - I went to the station. My Objective was
to see off my sister.
Combined - I went to the station to see off my sister.
Rule 3. Nominative
Absolute का प्रयोग करके (By using Nominative Absolute)
Nominative Absolute
उस कर्ता (Nominative) को कहते है जो वाक्य में स्वतंत्र (Absolute) रहता है ।
इसका प्रयोग
तब होता है जब प्रत्येक वाक्य का Subject एक ही न
होकर अलग-अलग होते है और दोनों वाक्यों के बीच एक प्रकार का causal relation (कारण और उसके परिणाम का सम्बन्ध) होता है ।
जब वाक्य में
'is', 'are', 'am',
'was', 'were' का प्रयोग सहायक क्रिया (helping verb) के रूप में नहीं होता है तो Subject के बाद
being का प्रयोग होता है ।
Subject के बाद having
का प्रयोग Active Voice में करते है ।
Subject के बाद having
been का प्रयोग Passive Voice में करते है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - The sky is cloudy. It may rain today.
Combined - The sky being cloudy, it may rain
today.
b) Separate - The teacher entered the class. The boys
became silent.
Combined - The teacher having entered, the boys
became silent.
c) Separate - The sun rose. The birds began to fly.
Combined - The sun having risen, the birds began
to fly.
d) Separate - The work was done. We went back home.
Combined - The work having been done, we went back
home.
e) Separate - The bank was closed. I could not
withdraw any money.
Combined - The bank having been closed, I could
not withdraw any money.
Rule 4. Gerund या Noun से पहले Preposition का प्रयोग करके (Using Preposition before Gerund or Noun)
Gerund बनाने के लिए Verb
की first form में ing
लगाते है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - Reena bought a pencil. She gave ten
rupees for it.
Combined - Reena bought a pencil for ten rupees.
b) Separate - I gave him a pen. I also supplied him
with paper.
Combined - Besides giving him a pen, I also
supplied him with paper.
c) Separate - I made my best efforts. I could not
pass B.A.
Combined - In spite of my best efforts, I could
not pass B.A.
d) Separate - His wife died. He heard the news. He
fainted.
Combined - On hearing the news of his wife death,
he fainted.
e) Separate - You helped me. I would have
failed.
Combined - I would have failed without your help.
Rule 5. Noun या Phrase
in Apposition का प्रयोग करके
(By using Noun or
Phrase in Apposition)
Apposition का अर्थ है 'side
by side' और इसलिए किसी Noun या Phrase को उस Noun
के बगल में
रखा जाता है जिसकी व्याख्या की जाती है । जो Noun या Phrase, Apposition में होता है उसे दो commas
के बीच रखते है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - Columbus was a famous sailor. He
was an Italian. He discovered America.
Combined - Columbus, a famous Italian sailor,
discovered America.
b) Separate - Kalidas wrote the Shakuntlam. He
was a great poet and dramatist.
Combined - Kalidas, a great poet and dramatist,
wrote the Shakuntlam.
c) Separate - My sister went to New Delhi. New
Delhi is the capital of India.
Combined - My sister went to New Delhi, the
capital of India.
d) Separate - Milton was a famous English poet.
He was blind.
Combined - Milton, a famous English poet, was
blind.
e) Separate - Tagore was the author of the
Gitanjali. He was a great poet of Bengal.
Combined - Tagore, a great poet of Bengal, was the
author of the Gitanjali.
Rule 6. Adverb या Adverbial
Phrase का प्रयोग करके (Using Adverb or Adverbial Phrase)
Adverb, generally 'ly' का प्रयोग करके
बनता है और यदि एक वाक्य के कुछ शब्द मिलकर Adverb का काम
करते है तब उसे Adverbial
Phrase कहते है |
a) Separate - He was attending the function. It
was regular.
Combined - He was attending the function regularly.
b) Separate - He failed. It was unfortunate.
Combined - He failed unfortunately.
c) Separate - She did her work. She was careful about
it.
Combined - She did her work carefully.
Rule 7. Adjective का प्रयोग करके (By using Adjective)
a) Separate - I bought a dog. It was black.
Combined - I bought a black dog.
b) Separate - I met a woman. She was poor.
Combined - I met a poor woman.
c) Separate - A tiger was hungry. He killed a
bullock. The bullock was hefty.
Combined - A hungry tiger killed a hefty bullock.
Rule 8. Conjunction 'And' का प्रयोग करके (Using Conjunction 'And')
a) Separate - I take milk. I take biscuits
also.
Combined - I take milk and biscuits.
b) Separate - Rohan went to Agra. Sohan also
went with Rohan.
Combined - Rohan and Sohan went to Agra.
c) Separate - Manisha saw the Taj. She saw the
Red Fort also.
Combined - Manisha saw the Taj and the Red Fort.
Synthesis of Sentences
Synthesis of
Sentences : Simple Sentences
In Synthesis, the combination of two or
more than two Simple Sentences forms a new Simple, Complex or Compound
Sentence.
Synthesis में दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक नया Simple,
Complex या Compound Sentence बनाया जाता है ।
Synthesis निम्नलिखित प्रकार की होती है : (Types of Synthesis)
A) Combination of two Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence. (कई प्रकार के वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक साधारण वाक्य बनाना)
B) Combination of
Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence. (कई प्रकार
के वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक मिश्रित वाक्य बनाना)
C) Combination of
Simple Sentences into one Compound Sentence. (कई प्रकार
के वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक संयुक्त वाक्य बनाना)
A. Formation of Simple Sentences
To form a Simple Sentence
by combining two or more than two Simple Sentences.
दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक Simple
Sentence बनाना ।
Rule 1. Participle का प्रयोग करके : (By using Participle)
ऐसे Verbs जो Verb तथा Adjective
दोनों का काम करे Participle कहलाते हैं ।
a)
Participle
से Simple Sentence तब बनाया जाता है जब विभिन्न Simple वाक्यों
का Subject एक ही होता है लेकिन Finite Verbs अलग होते है ।
b)
यदि अलग-अलग
वाक्यों में अलग-अलग Subject
आये तो यह नियम लागू नहीं होता ।
c) जो काम पहले हुआ है उसको दिखाने वाले Finite Verb को Participle
में बदल देते है तथा जो काम अन्त में हो उसे Finite रहने देते है ।
Participle तीन प्रकार के होते हैं ।
i) Present
Participle : यह Verb
के अन्त में ing लगाने से
बनता है । हिंदी में इसका अर्थ 'हुए'
या 'करके' होता है
। इसमें दो काम साथ-साथ चलते हैं और ज्यादातर दूसरा काम पहले काम
का फल होता है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - She was tired of walking. She lay down
to take rest.
Combined - Being tired of walking, she lay down to
take rest.
b) Separate - She saw a snake. She ran away with fear.
Combined - Seeing a snake, she ran away with fear.
c) Separate - He reached home. He took off his
clothes.
Combined - Reaching home, he took off his clothes.
अगर Present Participle का सम्बन्ध वाक्य के Object से हो तो
उसे Object के बाद रखते हैं ।
Separate - I saw Sam. He was abusing his
neighbour.
Combined - I saw Sam abusing his neighbour.
ii) Past Participle : यह verb की third
form होती है और इसका प्रयोग Adjective के रूप में होता है ।
Example :
Separate - I found my Shirt. It was lost.
Combined - I found my lost Shirt.
iii) Perfect Participle : इसमें Having के साथ Verb
की Third Form का प्रयोग करते है । जो Verb काम का समाप्त होना दिखाती है उसकी Perfect Participle बनाते है ।
Separate - She had completed her task. She
went to the Shopping mall.
Combined - Having completed her task, she went to the Shopping mall.
यदि वाक्य Passive Voice में है तो उसे Passive
Form में ही बदलकर Participle बनाते है ।
Separate - She was awarded by her teacher. She
felt happy.
Combined - Having been awarded by her teacher, she felt happy.
Rule 2. Infinitive का प्रयोग करके (By using Infinitive)
Verb में to जोड़कर Infinitive बनाते हैं । उद्देश्य या फल दिखाने वाली Finite Verb को Infinitive
में बदलते है ।
a) Separate - Rohit ran fast. He wanted to get first
prize.
Combined - Rohit ran fast to get first prize.
b) Separate - Raj went to Delhi. He went there to see
his sister.
Combined - Raj went to Delhi to see his sister.
c) Separate - He wanted to educate his son. He sent
him to America.
Combined - He sent his son to America to educate.
d) Separate - I have some duties. I must perform
them.
Combined - I have some duties to perform.
e) Separate - I went to the station. My Objective was
to see off my sister.
Combined - I went to the station to see off my
sister.
Rule 3. Nominative
Absolute का प्रयोग करके (By using Nominative Absolute)
Nominative Absolute
उस कर्ता (Nominative) को कहते है जो वाक्य में स्वतंत्र (Absolute) रहता है ।
इसका प्रयोग
तब होता है जब प्रत्येक वाक्य का Subject एक ही न
होकर अलग-अलग होते है और दोनों वाक्यों के बीच एक प्रकार का causal relation (कारण और उसके परिणाम का सम्बन्ध) होता है ।
जब वाक्य में
'is', 'are', 'am',
'was', 'were' का प्रयोग सहायक क्रिया (helping verb) के रूप में नहीं होता है तो Subject के बाद
being का प्रयोग होता है ।
Subject के बाद having
का प्रयोग Active Voice में करते है ।
Subject के बाद having
been का प्रयोग Passive Voice में करते है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - The sky is cloudy. It may rain today.
Combined - The sky being cloudy, it may rain
today.
b) Separate - The teacher entered the class. The boys
became silent.
Combined - The teacher having entered, the boys
became silent.
c) Separate - The sun rose. The birds began to fly.
Combined - The sun having risen, the birds began
to fly.
d) Separate - The work was done. We went back home.
Combined - The work having been done, we went back
home.
e) Separate - The bank was closed. I could not
withdraw any money.
Combined - The bank having been closed, I could
not withdraw any money.
Rule 4. Gerund या Noun से पहले Preposition का प्रयोग करके (Using Preposition before Gerund or Noun)
Gerund बनाने के लिए Verb
की first form में ing
लगाते है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - Reena bought a pencil. She gave ten
rupees for it.
Combined - Reena bought a pencil for ten rupees.
b) Separate - I gave him a pen. I also supplied him
with paper.
Combined - Besides giving him a pen, I also
supplied him with paper.
c) Separate - I made my best efforts. I could not
pass B.A.
Combined - In spite of my best efforts, I could
not pass B.A.
d) Separate - His wife died. He heard the news. He
fainted.
Combined - On hearing the news of his wife death,
he fainted.
e) Separate - You helped me. I would have
failed.
Combined - I would have failed without your help.
Rule 5. Noun या Phrase
in Apposition का प्रयोग करके
(By using Noun or
Phrase in Apposition)
Apposition का अर्थ है 'side
by side' और इसलिए किसी Noun या Phrase को उस Noun
के बगल में
रखा जाता है जिसकी व्याख्या की जाती है । जो Noun या Phrase, Apposition में होता है उसे दो commas
के बीच रखते है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - Columbus was a famous sailor. He
was an Italian. He discovered America.
Combined - Columbus, a famous Italian sailor,
discovered America.
b) Separate - Kalidas wrote the Shakuntlam. He
was a great poet and dramatist.
Combined - Kalidas, a great poet and dramatist,
wrote the Shakuntlam.
c) Separate - My sister went to New Delhi. New
Delhi is the capital of India.
Combined - My sister went to New Delhi, the
capital of India.
d) Separate - Milton was a famous English poet.
He was blind.
Combined - Milton, a famous English poet, was
blind.
e) Separate - Tagore was the author of the
Gitanjali. He was a great poet of Bengal.
Combined - Tagore, a great poet of Bengal, was the
author of the Gitanjali.
Rule 6. Adverb या Adverbial
Phrase का प्रयोग करके (Using Adverb or Adverbial Phrase)
Adverb, generally 'ly' का प्रयोग करके
बनता है और यदि एक वाक्य के कुछ शब्द मिलकर Adverb का काम
करते है तब उसे Adverbial
Phrase कहते है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - He was attending the function. It
was regular.
Combined - He was attending the function regularly.
b) Separate - He failed. It was unfortunate.
Combined - He failed unfortunately.
c) Separate - She did her work. She was careful
about it.
Combined - She did her work carefully.
Rule 7. Adjective का प्रयोग करके (By using Adjective)
a) Separate - I bought a dog. It was black.
Combined - I bought a black dog.
b) Separate - I met a woman. She was poor.
Combined - I met a poor woman.
c) Separate - A tiger was hungry. He killed a
bullock. The bullock was hefty.
Combined - A hungry tiger killed a hefty bullock.
Rule 8. Conjunction 'And' का प्रयोग करके (Using Conjunction 'And')
a) Separate - I take milk. I take biscuits
also.
Combined - I take milk and biscuits.
b) Separate - Rohan went to Agra. Sohan also
went with Rohan.
Combined - Rohan and Sohan went to Agra.
c) Separate - Manisha saw the Taj. She saw the
Red Fort also.
Combined - Manisha saw the Taj and the Red Fort.
Formation of
Complex Sentences
To form a Complex
Sentence by combining two or more than two Simple Sentences.
दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक Complex
Sentence बनाना ।
There are three types to make Complex Sentence.
यह तीन प्रकार से बनाये जाते है ।
1. Noun Clause 2. Adjective Clause 3. Adverb Clause
Rule 1. Noun Clause का प्रयोग करके (Using
Noun Clause) :
Noun Clause can be used by five types.
Noun Clause का प्रयोग
पाँच प्रकार से किया जा सकता है ।
a ) Subject to a verb
Separate - You are a
doctor. It is known to all.
Combined - That you are a doctor, is known to all.
b ) Object to a verb
Separate - Gaurav is a
smart boy. Every teacher knows it.
Combined - Every teacher knows that Gaurav is a smart boy.
c ) Object to a
preposition
Separate - We told you
yesterday. You must rely on it.
Combined - You must rely on what we told you yesterday.
d ) Complement to a
verb
Separate - Kanika has failed in the examination. The reason is her
carelessness.
Combined - The reason of Kanika's failure in the examination is that she
is careless.
e ) Case in apposition
to a noun
Separate - Indira Gandhi was shot dead. The news spread all over the
country like a wild fire.
Combined - The news, that Indira Gandhi was shot dead, spread all over
the country like a wild fire.
Rule 2. Adjective Clause का प्रयोग करके (Using
Adjective Clause) :
If, in the second sentence, something is said about the Noun or Pronoun of
first sentence then make Adjective Clause of second sentence.
यदि एक वाक्य
में आये हुए Noun या Pronoun के लिए दूसरे वाक्य
में कोई बात कही गयी हो, तो दूसरे वाक्य
का Adjective Clause बना देते है ।
Examples :
a) Separate - Pranav
brought a book. It was very interesting.
Combined -Pranav brought a book which was very interesting.
b) Separate - This is the
town. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born here.
Combined - This is the town where Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born.
c) Separate - A man came
to me yesterday. He was blind.
Combined - A man came to me yesterday who was blind.
d) Separate - She was
weeping for some reason. Everyone knew the reason.
Combined - Everyone knew the reason why she was weeping.
Note : Adjective Clause
forms using Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb. It should be placed nearby the
word which is going to be attributed.
नोट : Adjective Clause किसी Relative
Pronoun (whose, who, that, which, whom) या किसी Relative
Adverb (why, when, where, how) से बनता है । इन शब्दों को,
जिसकी
विशेषता
प्रकट की जा रही हो, उसके पास रखना चाहिए ।
Rule 3. Adverb Clause का प्रयोग करके (Using
Adverb Clause) :
For making Complex Sentence from Adverb Clause, we need to use
different-different Conjunctions.
Adverb Clause से Complex Sentence बनाने के लिए अलग-अलग Conjunctions
का प्रयोग होता है ।
Examples :
a)
Showing Time (समय) : Main
Conjunctions - when, whenever, while, since, after, before, as soon
as, as long as, till, until
Separate
- She waited for her father. She waited till his
arrival.
Combined - She waited for her father till he arrived.
b)
Showing Place (स्थान) : Main
Conjunctions - where, wherever
Separate
- Swami Vivekananda went to many places. He was
welcomed everywhere.
Combined - Swami Vivekananda was welcomed wherever he went.
c)
Showing Reason (कारण) : Main
Conjunctions - because, as, since
Separate
- Passengers pushed one another. They wanted to
enter the compartment.
Combined - Passengers pushed one another because they wanted to enter
the compartment.
d)
Showing Condition (शर्त) : Main
Conjunctions - if, unless, in case
Separate
- Work hard. You will get success.
Combined - If you work hard, you will get success.
e)
Showing Comparison (तुलना) : Main
Conjunctions - as-as, so-as, than, so
Separate
- Mohan is intelligent. Sohan is equally
intelligent.
Combined - Sohan is as intelligent as Mohan.
f)
Showing Contrast (अंतर) : Main
Conjunctions - even if, though, although
Separate
- She is poor. She is honest.
Combined - Although she is poor, she is honest.
g)
Showing Result (परिणाम) : Main Conjunctions
- so in first clause and that in second clause.
Separate
- She was quite tired. She could scarcely(मुश्किल से) stand.
Combined - She was so tired that she could scarcely stand.
h)
Showing Purpose (उद्देश्य) : Main Conjunctions
- in order that, so that, lest
Separate
- She worked hard. She wanted to stand first in
the class.
Combined - She worked hard so that she might stand first in the class.
i)
Showing Manner (ढंग) : Main
Conjunctions - as, so far as
Separate
- The bell rang. They all came up at once.
Combined - They all came up at once as the bell rang.
Formation of
Compound Sentences
To form a Compound Sentence by combining
two or more than two Simple Sentences.
दो या दो से अधिक Simple
Sentences को मिलाकर एक Compound Sentence बनाना ।
Rule 1. Coordinatng conjunctions का प्रयोग करके
Compound Sentence बनाना (Using
Coordinatng conjunctions) :
There are four types of Coordinatng conjunctions.
Coordinatng conjunctions चार प्रकार के होते है ।
a) Cumulative (जोड़ बताने वाले) Conjunctions
- and, as well as, both-and, not only-but also
Separate - She took my
pencil yesterday. She returned it today.
Combined - She took my pencil yesterday and returned it today.
b) Alternative (विकल्प बताने वाले) Conjunctions
- either-or, neither-nor, or, otherwise
Separate - Come in
time. Do not come at all.
Combined - Either come in time or do not come at all.
c) Adversative (विरोध बताने वाले) Conjunctions
- but, however, yet, still, nevertheless,
whereas, while
Separate - He is rich.
He is miser.
Combined - He is rich but he is miser.
d) Illative (परिणाम बताने वाले) Conjunctions - for,
therefore, so, hence
Separate - We have to
catch the train. We must make haste.
Combined - We have to catch the train, so we must make haste.
Rule 2. Relative Pronouns(whose, who, that, which, whom) या Relative
Adverbs(why, when, where, how) का प्रयोग करके :
Examples :
a) Separate - I met Rupali, She gave me a novel.
Combined - I met Rupali, who gave me a novel.
b) Separate - He shot the
tiger. It ran away.
Combined - He shot the tiger, which ran away.
